Three books I've just finished: Shadows and Chilvalry, We Never Make Mistakes and In Defense of Elitism

   My "have read" pile is, well, piling up so I'm going to knock out three books with one review.  I know the reviews are short and don't do the books justice but hopefully they will whet your appetite to read the books for yourselves.






  
Shadows and Chilvalry: C.S. Lewis and George MacDonald on Suffering, Evil and Goodness by Jeff McInnis

George MacDonald was a Victorian author and Christian minister.  He wrote children's fantasies that spurred the imagination of countless people and particularly one.  MacDonald is credited with being the inspiration of one of the twentieth century's greatest apologists and fantasy writers, C.S. Lewis.
In his book, Shadows and Chivalry, Jeff McInnis informs the reader of both MacDonald's and Lewis' belief concerning God and His relationship to people, how they expressed those beliefs in their fiction and how the former author influenced the latter.

McInnis offers an insightful look on the particular topics of the title:  suffering, evil and goodness.  He offers an informative and interesting analysis of several of MacDonald's and Lewis's stories and how they portray each of these human experiences.






We Never Make Mistakes by Aleksander Solzhenitsyn translated by Paul W. Blackstock

We Never Make Mistakes are two short novels that paint a grim picture of Soviet life in the early twentieth century.  The first story, An Incident at Krechetovka Station is about a Red Army lieutenant, Zotov, who is in charge of a railroad station during WWII.  A stranger arrives who insists that he has missed his train and needs to take the next one.  At first Zotov is willing to help him, but then he becomes suspicious.  Is this man who he says he is or a deserter?  Zotov becomes tormented between the fear of letting a lawbreaker get away and arresting an innocent man whom he knows will meet an unspeakable fate if charged.  His decision haunts him the rest of his life.

In the second story, Matryona's House, a school teacher is living with an elderly lady, Matryona.  Through the teacher's eyes we see the woman's poverty and hardship.  Her house is falling apart, with mice running up and down the walls.  She barely has enough to subsist on.  She cannot work because of government regulations, she can not grow food because of government regulations, she can not receive government assistance because of government regulations. 

Both stories show how socialized economies and government micromanagement over the individual cause widespread poverty and even starvation.  I shared this story with a friend of mine from Moldova. She said, "Look down the road, Sharon.  Where do you think your own country is heading?"






In Defense of Elitism by William A. Henry III

 Henry attacks our egalitarian culture on many levels.  He defies the "victimhood" labels given to minorities.  He argues that women need to stop classifying themselves as a minority. He provides statistics showing that the assertion that women make less money than men for the same jobs is a myth.  He contends that these special interest groups are not asking for equal rights but privileged ones. 

He also attacks the public school system with its dumbing curriculum down so that even a college education doesn't hold the value it had fifty years ago. 

I agree with a lot of what he says.  I don't like being viewed through the lens of my gender and I certainly don't view others that way.  We are people.  I can't worry about other's prejudices.  Prejudice will always exist.  At least I know that every job I got was by my own credentials.  Henry makes a good argument that affirmative action will always leave women and minorities wondering if they got the job due to their qualifications or their gender/race.

I agree that much of what we're seeing is thinly veiled government control over individuals right to live according to their own convictions.  If I want to stay home and raise my children and keep house, that doesn't make me oppressed.  Conversely, if I want to work professionally, I want to get the job according to my qualifications.  I don't want the job "given" to me in order to fill a gender quota.

There are other assertions that Henry makes that I vehemently oppose.  He is anti-religion- especially Christianity and he expresses those beliefs in the most venomous of terms.  

I also disagree with his attitude that some kids aren't meant for college so we need to stop wasting our time with them.  He points to Europe as an ideal.  I've lived in Europe.  I have a Master's degree but I promise I would have been sent to a labor camp had I been educated in the European elitist system.  Man doesn't make perfect systems and our man made evaluations of people's intellect doesn't accommodate everyone's intelligence.  I don't have much faith in America's public school system either but that's another story.

Jack: C.S. Lewis and His Times by George Sayer

Unlike the biography of Alistair McGrath, this biography was written by a former student and personal friend of Lewis.  No doubt because of that, the tone is much softer, less clinical, but fortunately not tainted with any subjective sentimentality.

Sayer studied under Lewis at Oxford where he also knew J.R.R. Tolkien.  He was a member of his inner circle and was his friend throughout his life.

While Sayer gives a lot of the same information as any other biographer as far as a chronology of his life goes, he also gives a much more personal touch to those facts.  His writing is much more like a story narrative so one feels as though they are reading a novel than nonfiction.

Sayers goes farther back into Lewis' ancestry.  He allows us to see what sort of families produced his parents, going back to the great grandfather and how they came to Ulster.

That is one thing this biography have shown me is that Lewis was an Irishman.  He seems so English and I suppose it is because he was a Protestant but also because at such a young age he moved to Oxford and lived there the rest of his life.  Unlike other Irish writers, such as Yeats, Joyce or Heaney, we get no Irish flavor in his writing.

Lewis' mother was kind and loving.  Lewis and his brother Warnie would refer to each other as "Archpigiebotham" (Warnie) or "APB" and "Smallpigiebotham" (Jack) or "SPB" because their mother would often warn them that if they didn't improve their behavior she would "spank them on their piggiebottoms." They used these nicknames for the rest of their lives.  Warren would refer to Jack as his "beloved SPB."  Both she and their father read voraciously to them.  Books spilled out of every nook and cranny.

A cute exchange with his father is recorded.  Jack sat down in front of his father in his study and informed him that he had a prejudice against the French.  When his father asked why, Jack crossed his legs put his fingertips together and said, "If I knew why, it would not be a prejudice."


When Lewis was ten his mother died of abdominal cancer.  His father, who had just lost his father and brother, had no emotional endurance for two young boys.  They were carted off to boarding school in England.  This tearing away from his family, while still in the throes of grief to go to another country far from home to a boarding school that proved to pattern itself after Oliver Twist, was instrumental in Lewis rejecting God.

Unlike McGrath, Sayers does not believe that Lewis was too shy or sensitive and needed to "buck up".  He sites sources that show the headmaster at this school was not only abusive, but insane.  This all played major roles in forming Lewis' beliefs.

Luckily he eventually wound up with a personal tutor, Kirkpatrick.  This was instrumental in developing Lewis' writing skills.  Eventually he wound up at Oxford but how he gained entrance is interesting.

In order to be admitted into Oxford, one has to pass not only the exams in subjects you excel at, such as languages, you had to pass all exams.  Lewis was hopeless as mathmatics and his scores prevented him entrance.  However, by serving in the military during WWI, he became exempt from passing the math tests and was admitted after all.  Can you imagine one of England's most profound writers and apologists almost not making it because he was no good at math?  It gives me encouragement since I am a math retard.

As with McGrath's biography, we learn of Lewis' relationship with Mrs. Moore, their residence at the Kilns, although Sayers plainly states that whether there was anything other than a mother- son relationship is a mystery.  He might have been covering up or he might be simply telling what he knows.

A couple of chapters are devoted to his war work, his radio broadcasts and also his writing of the Narnia Chronicles.

Sayers descriptions of Joy Davidman differ somewhat than McGrath's as well.  According to Sayers, Jack did develop love for Joy and he didn't marry her against his will, only to discover true love at the end.  They had a wonderful, loving relationship, even though she was a typical loud, brassy New Yorker.  Sayers goes into more detail of the development of that relationship and focuses a little more on Joy's desperate love for Jack.

We all know of Lewis' conversion which is faithfully recorded and the rest of his life.  What I enjoyed about this biography was the obvious warmth and, yes, joy that it exudes as it should when one is writing about a beloved friend.  

Till We Have Faces: A Myth Retold by C.S. Lewis

When the time comes to you at which you will be forced at last to utter the speech which has lain at the center of your soul for years, which you have, all that time, idiot-like, been saying over and over, you'll not talk about the joy of words. I saw well why the gods do not speak to us openly, nor let us answer. Till that word can be dug out of us, why should they hear the babble that we think we mean? How can they meet us face to face till we have faces? (Till We Have Faces)

Most people are familiar with C. S. Lewis' famous books, The Chronicles of Narnia.  If they haven't read the books, they may have seen the movies, The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and Prince Caspian.  

Others may have read his Science Fiction trilogy, Out of the Silent Planet, Perelandra and That Hideous Strength.

If you haven't read those books, I can't recommend them enough.  Especially if you're an adult and a huge fan of science fiction, I recommend Lewis' Space Trilogy.  I have friends who prefer it over his Narnia Chronicles.  

This review, however, is about a lessor known work of Lewis.  It is a retelling of the Greek myth, Psyche and Cupid.  When I was a young teenager, this was probably my favorite Greek myth because it was so romantic.  For those unfamiliar with the story here it is briefly:

Psyche is a young woman, the youngest of three daughters.  All the daughters are beautiful, but Psyche is the most beautiful.  In fact she is so breathtaking that men start to worship her and neglect the alters of Aphrodite.  Aphrodite notices this and determines to destroy Psyche.  She sends her son Cupid to earth to cause her to fall in love with a hideous monster who presumedly will eat her. 

 Cupid comes to earth and enters Psyche's room.  When he sees her, he falls deeply in love with her and instead of doing what his mother tells him to, he takes her away to a palace where he keeps her as his wife.

The catch is that for the time being, he only comes to her in secret at night.  She may not see who he is and has to have faith that he is truly a beloved husband that loves her.

Psyche is OK with this until her sisters come to visit.  They persuade Psyche that her husband is really a horrible monster that is planning on eating her.  They convince her that her only hope is to kill him in his sleep.

Psyche determines to do this, but when she lights a candle in order to see, she realizes that her husband is not a hideous monster but the manifestation of love itself, Cupid.  Cupid wakes to see Psyche looking at him, holding a knife and departs.  His parting words are, "Love cannot exist without faith."

Lewis takes this theme but turns it into a metaphor for something real and greater: an eternal love story between God and mankind.

The story is told through the eyes of a woman, now old, named Orual.  She wants her side of the story told because she believes that she is unfairly accused of what transpired between her and her younger sister, Psyche.  

Psyche and Orual are the daughters of a ruler of a pagan land, contemporary with the ancient Greeks.  They worship a goddess, Ungit.  Due to their father's inept ruling and drought, it is decided that Ungit wants a sacrifice.  Only the most beautiful and pure of heart will qualify.  Orual is disqualified because she is considered too ugly.  In fact, her father thinks her so ugly that she takes to wearing a veil across her face for the rest of her life.

Psyche on the other hand, is very beautiful.  Not only is she lovely to look at, but she is kind and compassionate as well.  She willingly goes as a sacrifice out of a sincere desire to help the people of her country.

For many days after Psyche is left alone on a mountain, Orual is sick and bedridden.  When she is able to get up, she rushes to the mountainside where Psyche was left.  When she arrives, she is surprised and delighted to discover that Psyche is alive and well, living on the mountain.

When Orual questions Psyche about how she is able to survive by herself on a desolate mountain, Psyche informs her that she is not alone.  She is married to the God of the mountain.  Orual demands to see her palace.  Psyche tells her they are standing in front of it.  Orual sees nothing but mountain and trees and decides that Psyche is crazy.

A hot debate ensues between Psyche and Orual ending with Orual demanding to know what the God of the Mountain looks like.  Psyche admits that she is forbidden to look at him.    Orual uses this piece of information to wedge a chink of doubt into Psyche's heart.  

Orual wants Psyche to return with her so they can continue to live as sisters.  She begs and cajoles Psyche proclaiming her great love for her and that she is living a lie and a delusion. There is no God of the mountain, and she is really living with a monster who is biding his time to kill her. Why a monster who would have nothing to lose would take so long and take such good care of his supposed victim, Orual refuses to explain.

 Finally, to prove her sincerity and ardor, Orual takes her knife and thrusts it through her own arm.  This so shocks Psyche that she agrees to Orual's demands.  Namely, to take a candle and look upon her husband to see if he is really a monster or not.

Pysche disappears to fulfill this.  In a moment, Orual hears a heart rending scream.  Not of someone who has seen a monster, but of someone who realizes they have lost the most precious thing in the world to them.  

For a brief moment, Orual looks up to see a huge palace and Psyche walking away, her hands covering her face, sobbing.  Then she sees a man walking up to her. He informs her that "Psyche goes into exile" and that Orual "shall know herself and her work" and "also shall be Psyche".

Orual interprets this to mean that she will share in Psyche's punishment.  She returns home, and shortly after, on her father's death, becomes ruler of the country.  

Unlike her father, she proves herself to be an able, just and wise ruler and her country soon prospers.  But she lives a lonely life, always covered with her veil because of her ugliness.

Interestingly, many of the women she knew as a youth, she realizes that after they married and had children, they no longer stayed beautiful but their husbands still were devoted to them.  She slowly comes to realize that she allowed her father's cruel words to determine her own value and self-perception.

In her old age, Orual comes across a shrine in a forest dedicated to the worship of Psyche.  She listens to the priest tell the story and realizes that she, Orual, is presented as the villain.  She explains that is why she has written her narrative.  So she can be vindicated.

But something happens as she writes the story.  She begins to see what she really did and the final part of the book ends with Oraul accusing the God but suddenly realizing what she actually did:

You stole [Psyche] to make her happy, did you? Why, every wheedling, smiling, catfooted rogue who lures away another man's wife or slave or dog might say the same. Dog, now. That's very much to the purpose. I'll thank you to let me feed my own; it needed no titbits from your table. Did you ever remember whose the girl was? She was mine. Mine." (292; Part II, Ch.3). 

And that is the crux right there.  Finally Orual admits to herself that she was angry with the God of the mountain for taking what she believed was hers.  That it cost Psyche her husband, her happiness, her life, mattered not at all.  She wanted Psyche back because she believed that Psyche belonged to her.

As she confesses her selfish motives a dawning revelation shatters everything she thought she knew and made her bitter.  Psyche never belonged to her.  She belonged to the God of the mountain.  She always belonged to Him.  She stole that which belonged to Someone else.

And not only that, Orual also belonged to Him.  When she finally gives up her selfish rebellion against him, she has a vision where Psyche returns to greet her at a river.  She looks into the river and sees that she, too, is as beautiful as Psyche.  She also is the bride of God.

The metaphor is that the original goddess, Ungit, is man rebelling against their true God.  Instead of having a relationship that is so deep and personal that it is compared to marriage with Him, they choose instead to worship and enslave themselves to something that is not real.  Their sinful nature makes horrible barbaric demands on themselves and others that they attribute to the goddess.

The writing of Till We Have Faces is in the formal, grave manner of ancient Greek stories.  The text is pure Lewis with all the perspicuity, charm and wit that all his stories contain.  One will need to read the original myth first, I think, and also understand the scripture:

For your Maker is your husband, the Lord of hosts is his name; and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer, the God of the whole earth he is called. Isaiah 54:5

Let us rejoice and exult and give him the glory, for the marriage of the Lamb has come, and his Bride has made herself ready; it was granted her to clothe herself with fine linen, bright and pure”— for the fine linen is the righteous deeds of the saints. And the angel said to me, “Write this: Blessed are those who are invited to the marriage supper of the Lamb.” And he said to me, “These are the true words of God." Revelation 19:7-9

Till We Have Faces is the last book C.S. Lewis wrote.  His inspiration was his wife, Joy Davidman, to whom he dedicated the novel.

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Further links:

Heroic Orual and the tasks of Psyche

Bride of Christ scripture

C.S. Lewis and the numinous of relationships

https://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/2072983-till-we-have-faces